Anton Hilhorst 1976 on Latinisms and Semiticisms in Hermas - Tischendorf and Donaldson and retroversion history- medieval retranslation from the Latin

Steven Avery

Administrator
TOP NOTE
Tischendorf tries to disarm the argument in Assaults since one Latinism is not in Sinaiticus.
However his paper had about a dozen.
So it is a red herring argument.

To his credit, Hilhorst at least tries to follow the debate chronologically.

However he drifts into the question of Latin elements in the original Hermas, rather than the linguistic elements of later forms highlighted by Tischendorf and Donaldson.

Basically he gives the circular argument, that Sinaiticus, with its early date, works against the theory :)

============================================

Sémitismes et latinismes dans le Pasteur d'Hermas (1976)
Hilhorst
https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/148525

Der Hirt des Hermas, Berlin 19561, 19672
Molly Whittaker
https://books.google.com/books?id=MZFsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR10

Robert Joly
R. Joly, Le milieu complexe du 'Pasteur d’Herrnas’, in «Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt» 11,27.1 (1993), pp. 524-551.
many
https://books.google.com/books?id=oMuiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250

1668824315060.png

R
 
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Steven Avery

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Anton Hilhorst (French translated)

With the exception of Tishendorf and Donaldson all the authors quoted above have assumed that the Greek text that has come down to us is the work of Apostolic Father Hermas himself. The theory of retroversion3 especially after the discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus, was condemned to die its beautiful death; also after 1877 no one defended it anymore. Only Resch in 1893 considered without elsewhere (other support) to provide the shadow of of one foreseen, that it was a very special form of retroversion. He did not doubt, it is true, the originality of the text of Hermas which we know, but he supposed that the numerous allusions to the Gospels which meet in the Shepherd were due to the retroversion of not very ancient Latin text of the Gospels; This would also explain why we had so much trouble finding them. Reuschee finds no one to follow him.

Moreover, the idea that our text of Hermas is a translation of Latin has not darkened definitively. At the PATRISTIC OXFORD Congress in 1967 THE AUSTRALEIN Tanner supported the hypothesis of a Latin original of the pastor. He adhered to the precepts, which he felt Colborne proved to be the oldest part of the pastor. Three passages of the Precepts a savor 35.7 365.2-3 and the whole chapter 1q7 contains3n would, in his opinion, obscurities that would disappear if we reconstitute the text.

Aussercanonische Paralleltexte zu den Evangelien
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Alfred Resch, Außerkanonische Paralleltexte zu den Evangelien. Viertes Heft: Paralleltexte zu Johannes, Leipzig 1896, in: ThQ 78 (1896), 650-657.
 
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Steven Avery

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p. 1
1850s
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p. 4
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p. 6
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Donaldson opinion is here
https://books.google.com/books?id=W0EEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA514

The hypothesis we have proposed we do not deem by any means certain. The subject is one which awaits fuller investigation. We have been compelled to omit considerable portions of our argument, for they would occupy too much space; but it is enough to draw’ attention to some of the most prominent characteristics of this curious problem. It is not one of great consequence, as far as the substance of Hermas is concerned. It has much more to do with the date of the Sinaitic Codex, and the evidence points to a strong confirmation of Hilgenfeld’s opinion that that Codex is not earlier than the sixth century.

Turner is given as counterpoint, or supposed agreement on an original Latin (not actually the position of Donaldson)

(1920)
Cuthbart Hamilton Turner -
https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej82AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA193
https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jts/021_193.pdf

Go to p. 198

Maybe referenced here

Latinity of Hermas Greek
http://books.google.com/books?id=gsoFMTdK1gcC&pg=PA198
 
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Steven Avery

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1668851680132.png

Bibliographie sur Simonides chez W. R. Dawson, Who was who in egyptology, London 1951, p. 148; W. Speyer,
Die literarische Fälschung im heidnischen und christlichen Altertum, München I97I, P-323 n.4.

Warren R. Dawson

=========================

Bierbrier, Morris L. (ed.) (2012), Who was Who in Egyptology, 4th rev. ed. London.
https://www.academia.edu/33381674/S...nhoeck_and_Ruprecht_Göttingen_2017_pp_109_126

=========================

41 Richard Lepsius (1810-1884), principale cgittologo tedesco dell’epoca, cfr.
W.R. DaWSON - E.P. UPHTI.I. (eds.), Who was who in Egyptology, Third revised
cdition by M.L. BlERBRIER, London 1995, pp. 249-250. La vicenda dcU’Uranius e
ricordata nel diario dclla inoglic di Lepsius, Elisabeth, cfr. B. LEPSIUS, Das Haus
lepsius vom geistigen Aufstieg Berlins zur Reichshauptsatdt, Berlin 1933, 179-181.

42 Christian Karl Josias von Bunsen (1791-1860), diplomatico e egittologo, cfr. DAWSON - UPHILL (eds.), Who was who in Egyptology, cit., p. 73.

https://www.academia.edu/249885/Cos...onway_Felton_sui_falsi_e_la_filologia_tedesca

=========================
 
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Steven Avery

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p. 3
Mais ses arguments étaient peu solides3.

2. P. J. Jallabert en donne une ample réfutation, Hermas et Simonidès, Paris- Lyon 1858, surtout pp. 92-124.

https://books.google.com/books?id=rpNsQwAACAAJ
https://books.google.com/books?id=1ILNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA613

Worldcat - Donaldson was owner

British Library
https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library...e&vl(freeText0)=jallabert&dstmp=1668853392257


1668853194658.png

Harnack Zahn
https://books.google.com/books?id=gNg7AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA5-PR42
 
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Steven Avery

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p. 4
Sinaiticus a text which is essentially the same as Athous

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L’affaire prit un tour décisif en 1859, lorsque Tischendorf lui-même découvrit le Codex Sinaïticus du IVe siècle, qui comporte le premier quart du Pasteur dans un texte qui est essentiellement le même que celui du Codex Athous. Il retira alors sa théorie d'une rétroversion médiévale, mais il refusa de reconnaître avoir commis une faute, en tant qu’il prétendait qu'un certain nombre de passages avaient été révisés d’après une version latine2.

The matter took a decisive turn in 1859, when Tischendorf himself discovered the fourth-century Codex Sinaiticus, which features the first quarter of the Pastor in a text that is essentially the same as that of the Codex Athous. He then withdrew his theory of a medieval retroversion, but he refused to admit that he had made a mistake, as he claimed that a number of passages had been revised from a Latin version.

===========================

Here we may have the Tischendorf accusation of retroversion

2 Voir, entre autres, Dressel, Patrum Apostolicorum Opéra2, pp III-IV Dès 1856, il avait soumis cette idée à ceux qui ne pourraient admettre sa thérie d'une rétroversion (Hermae Pastor, p XV = 1857, p LIV)

2 See, among others, Dressel, Patrum Apostolicorum Opéra2, pp III-IV From 1856, he submitted this idea to those who could not admit his theory of a retroversion (Hermae Pastor, p XV = 1857, p LIV)

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===========================

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Les deux interprétations de Tischendorf n’ont, en général, suscité aucune réaction si ce n’est des réactions négatives. Le seul à se ranger à son avis fut l’Écossais Donaldson. Il commença par reprendre la théorie de la rétroversion et refusa même de l’abandonner lorsque Tischendorf y renonça. Il se débarrassa du Codex Sinaïticus en le reléguant à une époque plus tardive que le IVe siècle 3. Plus tard, tout comme Tischendorf, il mitigea la théorie, mais en la compliquant considérablement à d'autres égards. Tout bien considéré, il estima alors que l’hypothèse la plus vraisemblable était :

The two interpretations of Tischendorf have, in general, elicited no reaction except negative reactions. The only one to agree with him was the Scotsman Donaldson. He began by taking up the theory of retroversion and even refused to abandon it when Tischendorf renounced it. He discarded the Codex Sinaiticus, relegating it to a time later than the fourth century. 3 Later, like Tischendorf, he mitigated the theory, but considerably complicated it in other respects. All things considered, he felt that the most likely hypothesis was:

English
«that we have, as the basis of our present Greek manuscripts, a recension and modernized version belonging to the sixth or seventh century, and that the editor used all the materials at his command, having probably in his possession large portions of the original text, but filling up gaps from some Latin translation, introducing parts from some modifications of the text, such as those of pseudo-Athanasius, and clothing the whole in the language current among the Christian populace of his day»4. (Donaldson 1877)

Dans la formation de son point de vue, Donaldson a-t-il été influencé, lui aussi, de façon négative par le personnage de Simonidès? Simomdès, en tout cas, lui fit des avances avec ce qu’il disait être la fin grecque du Pasteur. Donaldson pourtant flaira aussitôt le faux et lorsque, dans les années 80, cette fin donna lieu, une fois de plus, à une polémique en Allemagne, il fit savoir dans une lettre à Harnack ce qui lui était arrivé1.

In forming his point of view, was Donaldson, too, negatively influenced by the character of Simonides? Simomdes, in any case, made advances to him with what he said was the Greek end of the Pasteur. Donaldson, however, immediately sniffed out the forgery and when, in the 1880s, this end once again gave rise to controversy in Germany, he made it known in a letter to Harnack what had happened to him1.

I. A. Harnack, Die Wiederauffindung der Athoshandschrift des Hirten des Hermas, Theologische Literaturzeitung 13, 1888, col (303-305)

Theologische Literaturzeitung, Volume 13
https://books.google.com/books?id=WogfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303

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Dans les discussions que nous venons de résumer on avait utilisé trois groupes d'arguments: mots et formes de mots tardifs, passages qui, en latin, semblaient plus originaux qu’en grec (comme la formule; (Greek) et latinismes véritables. Nous ne nous arrêterons pas longtemps aux deux premiers groupes: les mots et les formes tardives venaient de fautes dans les copies de Simonidès ou s’avérèrent en fin de compte des formes plus anciennes qu’on ne l’avait cru; quant aux «passages traduits», ils s’expliquaient aussi bien ou mieux d’une autre manière. En ce qui concerne les latinismes, la plupart de ceux qui s’occupaient de la question ne signalaient comme tels dans le texte d’Hermas que les emprunts de vocabulaire. Tischendorf mentionna en outre des phénomènes comme l’asyndète, (Greek) dans la fonction d'inquit, le génitif absolu là où on s’attendrait à un participium coniunctum et une ou deux expressions dont nous ne parlerons pas ici2.

In the discussions that we have just summarized, three groups of arguments were used: late words and word forms, passages which, in Latin, seemed more original than in Greek (like the formula (Greek); which we have already quoted ) and true Latinisms. We shall not dwell long on the first two groups: the later words and forms came from mistakes in the copies of Simonides or ultimately turned out to be older forms than had been believed; as for the “translated passages”, they were explained as well or better in another way. With regard to Latinisms, most of those who dealt with the question only indicated as such in the text of Hermas the borrowings of vocabulary. Tischendorf further mentioned such phenomena as asyndetus, (Greek) in the function of inquit, the genitive absolute where one would expect a participium coniunctum, and one or two expressions which we will not discuss here. 2

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Entre-temps, on avait retrouvé non seulement la plus grande partie du texte grec, mais aussi une deuxième version latine, dite Palatine, et une version éthiopienne qui furent publiées l’une en 1857 par Dressel, l’autre en 1860 par Abbadie3. Mettant à profit ces trouvailles, Hilgenfeld prépara la première édition vraiment critique du Pasteur, qui parut en 1866 4. On disposait maintenant d’un instrument de travail pratique. Du même coup se trouvait dépassé le stade de la vraisemblance d’une rétroversion: les latinismes pouvaient être étudiés sous un jour meilleur. Deux questions se posaient: quels latinismes trouve-t-on dans le Pasteur? Comment faut-il les expliquer si leur présence n’est pas due à une traduction trop littérale d’un texte latin qui, à son tour, serait une traduction du texte grec original?

In the meantime, we had found not only most of the Greek text, but also a second Latin version, called Palatine, and an Ethiopian version, one of which was published in 1857 by Dressel, the other in 1860 by Abbadie3. Taking advantage of these discoveries, Hilgenfeld prepared the first truly critical edition of the Pasteur, which appeared in 1866. 4 We now had a practical work tool. At the same time, the stage of the likelihood of a retroversion was exceeded: Latinisms could be studied in a better light. Two questions arose: what Latinisms do we find in the Pasteur? How should they be explained if their presence is not due to a too literal translation of a Latin text which, in turn, would be a translation of the original Greek text?

1. A. Harnack, Die Wiederauffindung der Athoshandschrift des Hirten des Hermas, Theologische Literaturzeitung 13, 1888, col (303-305) 305.


2. Voir Anger, Hermae Pastor, p.XXIII; Dindorf-Anger, Nachtràgliche Bernerkungen, p. 131; Tischendorf, Hermae Pastor, pp.XIII-XIV (= 1857, pp. LII-LIII; ici, en outre, l’addition p.LV, n.12, 3e alinéa); Lipsius, compte-rendu de Ae. Fr. C. Tischendorf, Hermae Pastor graece, col.746.

3. Palatine: Dressel, Patrum Apostolicorum Opera1, pp 409-571 (pages impaires). Version éthiopienne: A. d’Abbadie, Hermae Pastor, aethiopice primum edidit et aethiopica latine vertit, Lipsiae 1860.

4. A. Hilgenfeld, Hermae Pastor, Lipsiae 1866.

p. 6

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Pour la première question, si l'inventaire que Tischendorf avait commencé fut contesté sur certains points, il prit néanmoins petit à petit plus d’ampleur1. Quant à la deuxième question, elle ne reçut qu’un petit nombre de réponses, et encore le plus souvent d’une façon rudimentaire. Zahn, Caspari, Baumgârtner et Debrunner semblent considérer que l’auteur avait comme langue le grec, mais qu’il a été influencé par son entourage latin de Rome2. D’autres le virent comme un auteur dont la première langue est le latin et qui ne peut s’en départir complètement lorsqu’il utilise le grec. Dès 1856, Lipsius notait incidemment: «Wir wollen hierbei nicht die Frage aufwerfen, ob denn bei einem Griechisch schreibenden Rômer einzelne Latinismen wirklich etwas ganz unerhôrtes wàren»3. Après lui, cette opinion fut exprimée, mais avec plus de prudence, en 1877, par Donaldson et, en 1920, par C. H. Tumer 4. Mais ce n’est qu’en 1949 que Christine Mohrmann lui donna un fondement circonstancié 5.

For the first question, if the inventory that Tischendorf had started was disputed on certain points, it nevertheless gradually took on greater scope1. As for the second question, it received only a small number of answers, and still mostly in a rudimentary way. Zahn, Caspari, Baumgârtner and Debrunner seem to consider that the author had Greek as his language, but that he was influenced by his Latin entourage in Rome2. Others see him as an author whose first language is Latin and who cannot completely depart from it when using Greek. As early as 1856, Lipsius noted incidentally: “We don't want to raise the question of whether individual Latinisms would really be something completely outrageous for a Roman writing in Greek”3. After him, this opinion was expressed, but with more caution, in 1877, by Donaldson and, in 1920, by C. H. Tumer 4. But it was not until 1949 that Christine Mohrmann gave it a detailed basis 5.

1. Voir Th. Zahn, Der Hirt des Hermas untersucht, Gotha 1868, p.487, n.2;

C. P. Caspari, Ungedruckte, unbeachtete und wenig beachtete Quellen zur Geschiehte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, III, Christiania 1875, note p.298 ;

Fr. Blass, Grammatik des Neutestamentlichen Griechisch, Gottingen 1896, pp.33 (n.i), 76, 225 (n.2);

E. Preuschen, Vollstândiges Griechisch-Deutsches Handwôrterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur, Giessen 1910, s.w. Ilb et jivria 1;

A. Debrunner dans Fr. Blass-A. Debmnner, Grammatik des neutestatnentlichen Griechisch, Gottingen 19134, § 197 et 1931*, § 347* et 3604; C. H.

Turner, The Shepherd of Hermas and the problem of its text, The Journal of Theological Studies 21, 1920, p.(i93-209) 198;

M. Dibelius, Der Hirt des Hermas, Tübingen 1923, p.435;

Chr. Mohrmann, Les origines de la latinité chrétienne à Rome, Études III, pp.(67-126) 75-76;

W. Coleborne, A linguisiic approach to the problem of structure and composition of the Shepherd of Hermas, dissertation non publiée, Newcastle, N.S.W. 1965, pp. 49, 227, 372, 377, 382, 420, 439, 444. 592-593-

2. Zahn, Hirt, p.487; Caspari, Quellen, note p.298; P.Baumgartner, Die Einheit des Hermas-Buchs, Freiburg i.B. 1889, p.50; Blass, Grammatik, p.33 n.i.

3. Lipsius, compte-rendu de Ae. Fr. C. Tischendorf, Hermae Pastor graece, col. 746.

4. Donaldson, Shepherd, p.512. Mais p.514 cette opinion a fait place à celle dont nous avons parlé plus haut p.4. Tumer, Shepherd, p. 198.

5. Mohrmann, Origines, pp.74-78.
 
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Steven Avery

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Thoughts on the above and research

Thoughts


Research
Read the Harnack section involving Donaldson

He is so-so on the Tischendorf retraction, but does he add new spots?
 
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Steven Avery

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Alfred Resch was mentioned
Jallabert is major
Tanner minor

Hilhorst has more than the above on Donaldson in French
See p. 1-8
Post #3 is partial French

Post #2 has a spot of English needs more
Only English is section with Resch and Tanner p. 7
Maybe a bit on Donaldson and Tischendorf


p. 12
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Steven Avery

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PAGE 4

portaient scripturas et que structuras n'était probablement qu’une émendation du premier éditeur reprise par tous les éditeurs suivants1.

====

L’aflaire prit un tour décisif en 1859, lorsque Tischendorf lui-même découvrit le Code* Sinaittcus du IV® siècle, qui comporte le premier quart du Pasteur dans un texte qui est essentiellement le même que celui du Codex Athous. Il retira alors sa théorie d'une rétroversion médiévale, mais il refusa de reconnaître avoir commis une faute, en tant qu'il prétendait qu’un certain nombre de passages avaient été révisés d’après une version latine*.

Les deux interprétations de Tischendorf n’ont, en général, suscité aucune réaction si ce n’est des réactions négatives. Le seul à se ranger à son avis fut l'Écossais Douai dion. Il commença par reprendre la théorie de la rétroversion et refusa même de l'abandonner lorsque Tischendorf y renonça. Il se débarrassa du Codex Sinaiticus en le reléguant à une époque plus tardive que le IVe siècle*. Plus tard, tout comme Tischendorf, il mitigea la théorie, mais en la compliquant considérablement à d’autres égards. Tout bien considéré, il estima alors que l’hypothèse la plus vraisemblable était:

«that we have, as the basis of our present Greek manuscripts, a recension and modemized version belonging to the sixth or seventh century, and that the editor used all the materials at his command, having probably in his possession large portions of the original text, but filling up gaps from some Latin translation, introducing parts from some modifications of the text, such as those of pseudo-Athanasius, and clothing the whole in the language current among the Christian populace of his day»*.

Dans la formation de son point de vue, Donaldson a-t-il été influencé, lui aussi, de façon négative par le personnage de Simonidès? Simonidès, en tout cas, lui fit des avances avec ce qu’il disait être la fin grecque

The matter took a decisive turn in 1859, when Tischendorf himself discovered the 4th century Codex Sinaittcus, which includes the first quarter of the Pasteur in a text which is essentially the same as that of the Codex Athous. He then withdrew his theory of a medieval retroversion, but he refused to admit that he had made a mistake, as he claimed that a certain number of passages had been revised according to a Latin version*. Tischendorf's two interpretations have, in general, provoked no reactions other than negative ones. The only one to agree with his opinion was the Scotsman Douai Dion. He began by taking up the theory of retroversion and even refused to abandon it when Tischendorf gave it up. He got rid of the Codex Sinaiticus by relegating it to a period later than the 4th century*. Later, like Tischendorf, he mitigated the theory, but complicated it considerably in other respects. All things considered, he then considered that the most likely hypothesis was: “that we have, as the basis of our present Greek manuscripts, a recension and modemized version belonging to the sixth or seventh century, and that the editor used ail the materials at his command, having probably in his possession large portions of the original text , but filling up gaps from some Latin translation, introducing parts from some modifications of the text, such as those of pseudo-Athanasius, and clothing the whole in the language current among the Christian populace of his day”*.


lui aussi, de façon négative par le personnage de Simonidès? Simonidès, en tout cas, lui fit des avances avec ce qu’il disait être la fin grecque.du Pasteur. Donaldson pourtant flaira aussitôt le faux et lorsque, dans les années 80, cette fin donna lieu, une fois de plus, à une polémique en Allemagne, il fit savoir dans une lettre à Hamack ce qui lui était arrivé1.


In forming his point of view, was Donaldson also negatively influenced by the character of Simonides? Simonides, in any case, made advances to him with what he said was the Greek ending of the Pastor. Donaldson, however, immediately smelled something false and when, in the 80s, this ending gave rise, once again, to a controversy in Germany, he informed Harnack in a letter of what had happened to him1.



1. R A. Lipsius. dans son compte-rendu de Tischendorf, Hermae Pastor,
Literansches Centxalblatt fur Deutschland 1856, col (745-748) 747 La dis-
cussion sur ce point traîna encore pendant de longues années, voir, par exemple,
R A Lipsius, Duphk gegen Ilerrn von Tischendorf, Zeitschnft fur wissenschaft-
liche Théologie 9, 1866, pp 122-130

2 Voir, entre autres, Dressel, Patrum Apostohcorum Opéra.*, pp III-IV Dès
1856, il avait soumis cette idée à ceux qui ne pourraient admettre sa théorie
d'une rétroversion [Hermae Pastor, p XV = 1857, p LIV)

3. J Donaldson A crtitcal histery of Christian litcrature and doctrine from the
death of the Apostles to the Ntcene Counctl, I, London 1864, pp 308-311. De
même, mais çà et là en termes plus prudents, dans la deuxième édition, sous le
titre The Apostohcal Fathers, A crthcal account of their genutne writxngs and of
of their doctrines, London 1874, pp 383-384, 387-391

4 J Donaldson, The Shepherd of Hermas, The Theological Review 14, 1877,
P (504-519) 5M-
 
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Steven Avery

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PAGE 5
du Pasteur. Donaldson pourtant flaira aussitôt le faux et lorsque, dans
les années 80, cette fin donna lieu, une fois de plus, à une polémique
en Allemagne, il fit savoir dans une lettre à Hamack ce qui lui était
arrivé1.

=====================================================
Dans les discussions que nous venons de résumer on avait utilisé
trois groupes d'arguments: mots et formes de mots tardifs, passages
qui. en latin, semblaient plus originaux qu'en grec (comme la formule
rapt *à<; ypa<p<£ç que nous avons déjà citée) et latinismes véritables.
Nous ne nous arrêterons pas longtemps aux deux premiers groupes:
les mots et les formes tardives venaient de fautes dans les copies de
Simonidès ou s'avérèrent en fin de compte des formes plus anciennes
qu'on ne l’avait cru; quant aux epassages traduits*, ils s'expliquaient
aussi bien ou mieux d'une autre manière. En ce qui concerne les
latinismes, la plupart de ceux qui s'occupaient de la question ne
signalaient comme tels dans le texte d'Hermas que les emprunts de
vocabulaire. Tischendorf mentionna en outre des phénomènes comme
l’asyndète, «prjcfv dans la fonction d’inquit, le génitif absolu là où on
s’attendrait à un participium coniunctum et une ou deux expressions
dont nous ne parlerons pas ici1.

Entre-temps, on avait retrouvé non seulement la plus grande partie
du texte grec, mais aussi une deuxième version latine, dite Palatine,
et une version éthiopienne qui furent publiées l'une en 1857 par
Dressel, l'autre en 1860 par Abbadie3. Mettant à profit ces trouvailles,
Hilgenfeld prépara la première édition vraiment critique du Pasteur,
qui parut en 18664. On disposait maintenant d'un instrument de
travail pratique. Du même coup se trouvait dépassé le stade de la
vraisemblance d'une rétroversion: les latinismes pouvaient être
étudiés sous un jour meilleur. Deux questions se posaient: quels
latinismes trouve-t-on dans le Pasteur? Comment faut-il les expliquer
si leur présence n'est pas due à une traduction trop littérale d'un texte
latin qui, à son tour, serait une traduction du texte grec original?

1. A. Hamack, Die Wiederauffindung der Athoshandschrift des Hirten des
Hermas, Theologische Literaturzeitung 13, 1888, col (303-305) 305.


2. Voir Anger, Hermcu Pastor, p.XXIII; Dindorf-Anger, Nachtrdgliche Be-
merkungcn, p. 131 ; Tischendorf, Hermae Pastor, pp.XIII-XrV (= 1857, pp.
LII-LIII; ici, en outre, l’addition p.LV, n.12, 3e alinéa); Lipsius, compte-rendu
de Ae. Fr. C. Tischendorf, Hermae Pastor graece, col.746.

3. Palatine : Dresscl, Patrum Apostolicorum Opéra1, pp 409-571 (pages impaires).
Version éthiopienne: A. d’Abbadie, Hermae Pastor, aethiopice primum edidit
et aethiopica latine vertit, Lipsiae 1860.

In the discussions that we have just summarized, three groups of arguments were used: late words and word forms, passages which. in Latin, seemed more original than in Greek (like the formula rapt *à<; ypa<p<£ç which we have already cited) and true Latinisms. We will not dwell long on the first two groups: the late words and forms came from mistakes in Simonides' copies or ultimately turned out to be older forms than had been believed; as for the translated passages*, they were explained as well or better in another way. Concerning Latinisms, most of those who dealt with the question only pointed out as such in Hermas' text the vocabulary borrowings. Tischendorf further mentioned phenomena like asyndeton, “prjcfv in the function of inquit, the absolute genitive where one would expect a participium coniunctum and one or two expressions which we will not discuss here1. In the meantime, we had found not only the greater part of the Greek text, but also a second Latin version, called Palatine, and an Ethiopian version, one of which was published in 1857 by Dressel, the other in 1860 by Abbadie3. Taking advantage of these discoveries, Hilgenfeld prepared the first truly critical edition of Le Pasteur, which appeared in 18664. We now had a practical working instrument. At the same time, the stage of likelihood of a retroversion was passed: Latinisms could be studied in a better light. Two questions arose: what Latinisms do we find in the Pasteur? How should they be explained if their presence is not due to an overly literal translation of a Latin text which, in turn, would be a translation of the original Greek text?

4. A. Hilgenfeld, Hermae Pastor, Lipsiae 1866.
 
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Pour la première question, si l’inventaire que Tischendorf avait commencé fut contesté sur certains points, il prit néanmoins petit à petit plus d’ampleur1. Quant à la deuxième question, elle ne reçut qu’un petit nombre de réponses, et encore le plus souvent d'une façon rudimentaire. Zahn, Caspari, Baumgàrtner et Debrunner semblent considérer que l’auteur avait comme langue le grec, mais qu’il a été influencé par son entourage latin de Rome2. D’autres le virent comme un auteur dont la première langue est le latin et qui ne peut s’en départir complètement lorsqu'il utilise le grec. Dès 1856, Lipsius notait incidemment: «Wir wollen hierbei nicht die Frage aufwcrfen, ob demi bei einem Griechisch schreibenden Romer einzelne Latinismen wirklich etwas ganz unerhôrtes wàren»3. Après lui, cette opinion fut exprimée, mais avec plus de prudence, en 1877, par Donaldson et, en 1920, par C. H. Tumer*. Mais ce n’est qu’en 1949 que Christine Mohrmann lui donna un fondement circonstancié8.

Les latinismes qu'elle-même et d’autres signalent lui permettent d’abord de conclure qu’Hermas connaissait le latin et même probablement qu’il le connaissait mieux que le grec. L'emprunt oraTÎwv en particulier lui révèle le tait que le latin était familier non seulement à Hermas mais aussi à la communauté chrétienne de Rome en général. Ce mot, en effet, s’emploie dans le sens spécifiquement chrétien de «jeûne». Il semble donc que les Chrétiens de Rome étaient déjà

For the first question, if the inventory that Tischendorf had started was contested on certain points, it nevertheless gradually took on more scope1. As for the second question, it received only a small number of answers, and even then most often in a rudimentary way. Zahn, Caspari, Baumgàrtner and Debrunner seem to consider that the author's language was Greek, but that he was influenced by his Latin entourage in Rome2. Others saw him as an author whose first language was Latin and who could not completely deviate from it when he used Greek. As early as 1856, Lipsius noted incidentally: “Wir wollen hierbei nicht die Frage aufwerfen, ob demi bei einem Griechisch schreibenden Romer einzelne Latinismen wirklich etwas ganz unerhôrtes wàren”3. After him, this opinion was expressed, but with more caution, in 1877, by Donaldson and, in 1920, by C. H. Tumer*. But it was not until 1949 that Christine Mohrmann gave it a detailed basis8.

The Latinisms that she and others point out allow her first to conclude that Hermas knew Latin and probably even knew it better than Greek. The oraTÎwv loan in particular reveals that Latin was familiar not only to Hermas but also to the Christian community of Rome in general. This word, in fact, is used in the specifically Christian sense of “fasting”. It therefore seems that the Christians of Rome were already


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Steven Avery

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Hilhorst
REVIEW by Charles - C. P Hammond (1978) - my bibliography pics from the Hilhorst book
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23960293
https://academic.oup.com/jts/article-abstract/XXIX/1/227/1731284?redirectedFrom=PDF

Until 1855, when the well-known forger Konstantinos Simonides sold three pages of the fifteenth-century Athos manuscript of the Shepherd
of Hermas together with a (deliberately inaccurate) transcript of the rest to the Leipzig University Library, the work was known only in Latin translation and patristic citations. The new Greek text was immediately suspected of being a medieval retranslation from the Latin, a view which was upheld by Tischendorf, until he had to modify it after discovering the fourth-century Codex Sinaiticus, whose final pages contain the first quarter of the work. Once roused, however, interest in the Latinisms of Hermas continued and gave rise to various interesting theories, such as those of

Resch (1893) that the allusions to the gospels in the Shepherd are retranslated from an ancient Latin version, of
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Mohrmann (1949) that Hermas was a Latin speaker of the mid second century writing in Greek in an attempt to pass off as a contemporary of Clement, and of
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Tanner (1967), arguing for a Latin original at least for the Mandates.
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On Hermas' Semitisms the most important study was that of

Theodor Zahn (1868), who tentatively concluded that Hermas may have been bilingual or at least used a kind of Jewish Greek formed on the basis of Hebrew modes of thought and expression, and suggested that he might have been an Egyptian Jew. More recently
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Audet has conjectured (1953) that Hermas was the son of a member of the Qumran community who was taken as a slave to Rome after the war of a.d. 70.
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On the whole scholars have studied either Hermas, Latinisms or his Semitisms but not both together, with the result that the same phenomenon has sometimes been attributed to the one influence and sometimes to the other. In addition our knowledge of late Greek has improved since the nineteenth century, so that many supposed non-Greek features have been vindicated. We must therefore be particularly grateful for the present sober and judicious study of Hermas* Semitisms and Latinisms by a scholar who mounts no private hobby horse and whose main velopment of the Greek
 
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