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INDEX
Note: Headings in italics are book titles or non-English terms. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations; those followed by n. refer to a note with its number. Abgar, King of Edessa 185–6 acheiropoietic icons 178–81, 182, 184–7 Achilles Tatius 133, 167–8 acoustics 173–4 Acts of John 134–5 Acts of Thomas 134 Aëtius 171 air (as medium) and distance 36–8 and vision 2, 22, 24–7, 34, 44–5, 46, 50–2 Alberti, Leon Battista 96 Alcaeus of Mytilene 60, 109 Alexander of Aphrodisias De Sensu 24–5, 26, 37 Mantissa 19–20, 22, 23, 25 On the Soul 19, 20–1, 21–4 Alhacen, De aspectibus 1 Alhazen, Book of Optics 192 Amant (Le Roman de la Rose) 140, 142–3, 145–8 amour courtois (fin’ amor) 81, 82–6, 87, 90 Amour (Le Roman de la Rose) 145–7 analogical reasoning 41–2, 120, 123, 125, 228 n.6 Anaxagoras 125 animals 121–2, 123–4 Anthemius of Tralles 115, 191–2 Antiochus of Ascalon 123 ants 123–4 appetites 9–10, 15–16, 203 n.38, 203 n.41 Apuleius 175 Apologia 159–60, 162 Arabic texts 47–8, 191 Archimedes 192 Aristophanes 117, 206 n.3 Acharnians 112–13 Clouds 166–8 Aristotle Categories 25–6 De insomniis (On Dreams) 14, 163, 202 n.29 On the generation of animals 173–4 Metaphysics 21 Meteorology 19 On Sense Perception 19, 24, 27–8 theory of vision 23–7
Ars Amandi 87, 89–90 artworks. See paintings Athos, Mount 189–90, 193, 195, 196, 244 n.35 atomic world 32–3, 42, 119 Bacon, Roger 49, 210 n.34, 211 n.47 Barlaam the Calabrian 130 Basil of Caesarea 131 beauty 134, 146–7 female 4, 68, 81, 86–8, 141 male 99–101, 102 of the soul 96, 131 See also cosmetic mirrors Benedetto, Luigo Foscolo 141 Bernardino de Sahagún 108, 224 n.9 Bjørnbo, Axel Anthon 47, 49 Book of Wisdom 127–8, 130 books, as mirrors 136 box mirrors 69 bronze mirrors Corinthian 179 Etruscan 73–80 in Graeco-Roman Egypt 67–70 Greek 11, 14, 201 n.12 surfaces 13, 202 n.29, 202 n.30 Brown, Peter 49 burning mirrors 191–3 Burns, E. J. 89 Busch, Wilhelm Benjamin 191 Byzantium culture 183–4 literature 2, 127–8 mirrors 179 theology 128–31, 184–7 Calas, Nikolas 1, 189, 197, 242 n.1 Calchas 13, 202 n.27 Cambridge change 26, 206 n.24, 206 n.25 camera obscura 194–5 Camille, Michael 81, 86 Capellanus, Andreas, De Amore 81, 87, 89–90 Carroll, Lewis 139 caryatid mirrors 69 case mirrors 69
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Index Castor and Pollux 73, 74–8 catoptrics 1–2, 110–12 animism 162–4 catoptric moon 165–75 devices 207 n.16 Epicurean philosophy 29–35, 36–42 mimesis 99, 157–62 in religious context 114–17, 180 See also reflection catoptromancy 32, 112–14, 132, 173, 206 n.3 See also reflection children 121–3 Chionates, Michael 136 Chioniades, Gregory 131 Christianity Metropolitan Crucifixion Ivory 177–87 and mirrors 4, 117, 127–31, 134–5, 178–9 Cicero, De Finibus 121–3 clamshell mirrors 69 Clement of Alexandria 117 Colonna, G. 75 colours mirror images 21–7, 52 vision 44, 46, 211 n.45 concave mirrors 47, 172–3 cones (visual) 43–4, 45–7, 211 n.55 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos 136, 184–7, 242 n.54 convex mirrors 47, 68, 124, 172–3 cosmetic mirrors in antiquity 68, 79 Middle Ages 81, 82–3, 86, 89–90 See also beauty courtly love (fin’ amor) 81, 82–6, 87, 90 Cristofani, M. 76 cryptomorphs 180–1, 182, 184, 187 crystals 143–4, 145–7, 233 n.26 curved mirrors 2, 47, 68, 124, 172–3 catoptric animism 162–4 Cutler, Anthony 182 Da Vinci, Leonardo 96 death 75, 139 Epicurean philosophy on 119–20 underworld 77, 170, 181 deception 1, 109, 127, 158, 175, 189 See also illusions decoration Etruscan mirrors 73–4 scenes of courtly love 84–6 deformation. See distortion de Lorris, Guillaume 81, 87, 141, 148 Demeter 113, 173 de Meun, Jean 81, 87–9, 90, 141 Demosthenes 110 Didron, Adolph 193–4, 196
278
Digenis Akrites 127 Diocles 209 n.24 Diogenes of Oinoanda 31–2 Dionysius 75 Dionysiac Mysteries 32, 108, 116, 117 dioptra 60–1, 127–8, 131, 133–4, 135–7 seeing tube 173–4 Dioscuri 73, 74–8 direct vision 43–5, 50–3 distance 34, 36–8, 54 distortion 2, 34, 46–7, 54, 113, 157, 162 See also refraction divination 134–7 books as mirrors 136 catoptromancy 32, 112–14, 132, 173, 206 n.3 hepatoscopy 10–14 lecanomancy 116, 132, 135 divine epiphany 76, 112, 116–17, 163 divine presence 107, 112, 115, 116–17 diving bells 190–1 double folded mirrors 68–9 dreams 21, 139–40, 203 n.40 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 149–54 Le Roman de la Rose 140, 141–8, 153–4 Durand, Paul 193–4 earth, and the moon 169–75 Echo 93, 95, 96–7 Edessa, image of. See Mandylion Egypt 59 Greek language in 61, 64–5 women’s daily life 67–71 elements 53 embodied soul 9–10, 12, 15–16 Empedocles 36 Encheiridion (Painter’s Manual) 193–4 encomia 131–2 enoptromancy. See catoptromancy Epicurean philosophy 32, 33–4, 36, 40 and death 119–20, 121, 124–5 mirrors of nature 120–5 reflection 36–42 theory of vision 19–20, 31–2 epiphany 112, 116–17, 163 of Dioscuri 76 epistolography 131–2 Etruscans mirrors 13, 73–80 religion 77 etymology 60–7, 124–5, 133–4, 139 See also Greek language; Latin language Euclid Catoptrica 115 De Speculis 161, 162, 164 theory of vision 43–4
Index Eudoxus of Cnidos 240 n.52 Exodus 135 extramission theory 43 eyes (human) 43–6, 51–2, 53, 209 n.20, 211 n.45 female. See women fin’ amor 81, 82–6, 87, 90 flames 77–9 flat mirrors 2, 157–8 catoptric mimesis 158–62 multiple 38–41, 114 floral imagery 73, 77 Florentine Codex 108, 111, 224 n.9 folding mirrors 68–70 forgeries 189–97 Foucault, Michel 3, 139–40 fountains Narcissus’ fountain 141–2, 143–7 Salmacis 142–3, 146 Freud, Lucian 96 Freud, Sigmund 94–5 Galen, Claudius De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis 44–5, 48–9 mirrors 208 n.12 theory of vision 43, 44–6, 209 n.20, 211 n.54 gardens 140–1, 143, 146–8 gaze direction of 60, 61 fin’ amor 83, 84–5, 87 lecanomancy 116, 132, 135 in mythology 60, 110 religious 108–9, 130, 157 women and mirrors 13, 15, 83, 179, 240 n.8 gender objects, mirrors as 59, 67–8, 70–1 See also women geometrical optics 43–4, 110–12, 115, 117 Gerard of Cremona 47–8 glass mirrors 81, 139, 199 n.4 Graeco-Roman world 59, 67–71, 107–17 Greek culture ancient Greek religion 112–17 hepatoscopy 11–12 technological achievements 191–7 Greek language 139 mirrors in 60–71, 124–5, 133–4 use in Egypt 61, 64–5 See also etymology Greenblatt, Stephen 82 Gregory of Nyssa 133 Gregory the Referendarius 186 Guillaume de Lorris 81, 87, 141, 148 Hades 77, 170, 181. See also death Hegesianax of Alexandria Troas 171 heliotypia 193–4
hepatoscopy 10–14 Hermaphroditus 142, 146 Hermias 178 Herodotus 78–9 Hero of Alexandria (Pseudo-Hero) Catoptrica 111–12, 113–15, 207 n.16, 226 n.29 De Speculis 158, 161–4, 244 n.33 Hero of Byzantium (Hero the Younger) 137 hesychasm 129 heterosexuality 96–7 heterotopias 3, 139–40 oneiric heterotopias 140–1, 148–9 Hinduism 108–9 homosexuality 94–5, 98–9, 100–1, 102–3 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 140–1, 148–53 mirrors 152, 153–4 Iamblichus 109 Ibn-Ishaq, Hunayn 48, 209 n.20 icons 128, 184 acheiropoietic icons 178–81, 182, 184–7 iconoclasm 2, 129 painting 189–90, 193–4 Idleness (Oiseuse, Le Roman de La Rose) 87–8, 141–3 illusions 3, 34, 157–8, 163, 167 See also deception; magic; reality images controlling appetite 16 idols (simulacra) 30–2, 33–5, 36–9, 139 insects 123–4 intentionalist interpretation 23–4 iron mirrors 50 Italikos, Michael 132 ivory Metropolitan Crucifixion Ivory 181–2 mirror cases 81, 83–7 mirror handles 69, 215 n.65 qualities of 85, 91 Jain mirror ritual 108 John Chrysostom 136 John of Damascus 129 katoptron 60–2, 119, 127, 134, 136 Kircher, Athanasius 191 Kosofsky Sedgwick, Eve 94–5, 101 Koumanoudis, Stefanos 193 Lacan, Jacques 3, 98, 99 lamp wicks 77–9 Latin language 47–8, 139 mirrors in 64, 66–7, 124–5 in Roman Egypt 65 style of Lucretius 35–6, 40–2 See also etymology; Roman culture
279
Index lecanomancy 32, 116, 132, 135 left-right inversion 2, 24–7, 38–9, 115 letters 131–2 light 21–7 and dark 98–9 and the Dioscuri 76 divine 130, 133, 135 MesoAmerican society 108–9 Tideus’ theory of reflection 43, 45–7, 50, 52–5 See also lamp wicks liminal spaces human and divine 75, 107, 108–9 in Hypnerotomachia Poliphili 150–3 living and dead 77 in Le Roman de la Rose 139–40, 141, 145–7 literature, as mirror 136 liver bronze 11, 201 n.13 in embodied soul 9–10 hepatoscopy 10–14 liver-mirror analogy 9–17, 163, 170 Lorenz, H. 15 Lorris, Guillaume de 81, 87, 141, 148 love tokens 69, 81, 83–7, 90–1, 221 n.15 Lucian Icaromenippus 166, 171, 172–5 True Histories 113–14, 165–6 Lucretius De Rerum Natura 29–42, 119–21 scientific method 35–6, 41–2 use of language 35–6, 40–1 lunar. See moon magic 2, 36, 102, 142–3, 167–8 See also illusions Mandylion 181, 184–7 marriage contracts 62–4, 65, 67 Maximoú 127, 132 medieval period. See Middle Ages Medusa 110 Meletios of Chios 189–90 MesoAmerican society 108–9 metal mirrors 53, 81, 157–8, 235 n.21 bronze mirrors 11, 13–14, 67–70, 73–80, 179, 201 n.12, 202 n.29, 202 n.30 iron mirrors 50 silver mirrors 68, 69, 70 metaphors (mirrors as) 2–4, 110, 127, 132, 135, 179 title metaphors 136–7 Metropolitan Crucifixion Ivory 177–87 Middle Ages fin’ amor 81, 82–7, 90 mirrors 2, 4, 81, 82–7, 89, 90–1, 136
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mimesis artistic 158–62, 178, 184, 244 n.36 and religious aura 107 mirror images 3, 157–8 colour 21–7 reality of 19–21 temporary nature 161, 163–4 mirroring process 19 paintings 95–6, 99–102, 131–2, 158–61, 203 n.39 mirror of nature 119–25 mirrors 1, 6 Etruscan mirrors 79–80 folding mirrors 68–70 in Graeco-Roman Egypt 68–71 as medium 4, 132–3, 161–2 mirrors of nature 119–25 multiple mirrors 38–41, 113–14, 161 portable 69, 81, 82–7, 90–1 size of mirrors 46–7, 53–5, 159 See also curved mirrors; flat mirrors; reflection; reflective surfaces moon and the earth 169–75 great lunar mirror 165–7 reflection of the sun 167–8 morality 87–9, 119 motion 159–60 Mount Athos 189–90, 193, 195, 196, 244 n.35 multiple mirrors 38–41, 113–14, 161 Narcissus 60, 84, 110 fountain of 141–2, 143–7 and The Picture of Dorian Gray 93–8, 100, 102–3 Neophytos the Recluse 135, 136 Nicean Creed 128 Nicholas of Otranto 135 observatories 174, 240 n.52 obsidian 108–9 Oiseuse (Le Roman de La Rose) 87–8, 141–3 ontology of reflection 19–21, 109–12, 117 See also reality open door analogy 34–5, 36, 37 optical illusions. See illusions osyptrum 60, 62–7, 127–8, 133–4, 136 Ovid, Metamorphoses 93–4, 96–8, 102, 142, 146, 233 n.26 paintings 15–16, 21 mirroring process 95–6, 99–102, 131–2, 158–61, 203 n.39 Painter’s Manual 193–4 school of Symi 189–90 Palamas, Gregory 130
Index Panselinos, Manouel 193–4, 196, 244 n.27 Papadopoulos-Kerameus, A. 193 Papaioannou, Stratis 136 papyri (Graeco-Roman) 59, 67–8 words for mirror 60–7, 68–71 Parmenides 169 Parthenius 93 Paul (Apostle) Letters to the Corinthians 129, 130–1, 133, 178–9 Letter to the Hebrews 128 Pausanius 93, 113, 115–16, 163–4 perception illusions 157–8 of mirror images 19–21 perceptibility of God 128–9, 130, 137–8 visual 23–7, 30–1, 44, 51–2, 130 See also vision phantasia 6, 20, 158, 163 Philes, Manuel 129, 134, 135–6 Philippos 137 Philo of Alexandria 163 phlomis 77–8, 219 n.53 Physiologus 128 plane mirrors. See flat mirrors Plato Respublica 9, 109, 110, 117, 158–9 Theaetetus 26 Timaeus 9–11, 12–17, 202 n.34 pleasure 42, 121–2 Pliny the Elder 77–8, 121, 210 n.38 Plutarch The Cleverness of Animals 123–4 De facie 168–71, 173 De Pythiae oraculis 160 Moralia 123–4 pneuma 20, 44, 49, 208 n.8, 211 n.54 psychic pneuma 44–6 Poliphilo. See Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Polizzi, Gilles 141 Pollux and Castor 73, 74–8 polyptoton 40–1 polytheoron 114 portable mirrors 69, 81, 82–7, 90–1, 221 n.15 portals 150–1, 152–3 portraits of Dorian Gray 95–100 sculpture 160–1 See also paintings Posidonius 240 n.52 Prometheus 13, 191, 197 prophecy. See divination psychosomatic experiences 16 Ptolemy, Claudius 43–4, 161 rainbows 19 Rangavis, Alexandros 193, 196
reality 1, 3 mirror images 19–21, 27–8, 34–5, 101, 107, 110–11, 159 paintings 102 See also illusions; ontology of reflection reason 9–10, 15–16, 202 n.38 reflection Lucretius’ theories 37, 38–40, 42 ontology 109–12, 117 in paintings 95–100 religious aura 74, 107–9, 112–17, 137–8 repeated 38–41 self-knowledge 2–3, 83, 98, 119, 136, 144–5, 150–1 Tideus’ theories 43, 45–7, 53–5 See also catoptrics; catoptromancy; mirrors reflective surfaces 108–9, 113, 157–8 in dream spaces 140, 141, 144–6, 153–4 lecanomancy 32, 116, 132, 135 liver 14, 15 three-dimensional surfaces 35 unspotted mirror 127–8, 130–1 water 135, 168 See also mirrors refraction 2, 44, 147, 173 See also distortion Reggio di Calabria 48, 209 n.22 relation (schesis) 22, 24–7, 205 n.21 relationships, in The Picture of Dorian Gray (Wilde) 95–100 religion Christianity 117, 127–31, 137–8 Etruscan 74, 77 Hinduism 108–9 Jainism 108 and reflection 107–9, 112–17, 137–8 religious artefacts Metropolitan Crucifixion Ivory 177–87 relics 184–7 votive offerings 67–8, 70–1 See also icons Renaissance 95–6, 141 mirrors 2, 82 revelation, using mirrors 127, 133, 135–6, 137, 178–9 rhetorical devices 40–1 riddles 129, 132–3 right-left inversion 2, 24–7, 38–9, 115 ritual use of mirrors 112–13 Dionysiac Mysteries 32, 116, 117 Jain mirror ritual 108 Roman culture 117, 119, 121, 124–5, 167, 191 Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii 32, 116 See also Graeco-Roman world; Latin language Le Roman de la Rose 81, 83, 140–8 mirrors 87–9, 141–3, 153–4 Romanos I Lecapenos 184–5, 186–7
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Index St Elmo’s fire 76 St Hilarion 135 St Paul (the Apostle) Letters to the Corinthians 129, 130–1, 133, 178–9 Letter to the Hebrews 128 Salmacis 142, 143, 146, 233 n.26 schesis (relation) 22, 24–7, 205 n.21 sculpture 160–1 see-through veil 127, 133–4 self-fashioning 82 self-knowledge 2–3, 98, 119, 136 fin’ amor 140, 150–2 Seneca 29, 42, 161 senses 9–10, 29–30, 33–4, 151–2 See also vision sexuality 93 heterosexuality 96–7 homosexuality 94–5, 98–9, 100–1, 102–3 sight. See vision silver mirrors 68, 69, 70 Simonides, Konstantinos 189–97 simulacra. See under images Socrates 26, 109, 158–9 soul. See embodied soul specula literature 2 spherical mirrors. See curved mirrors spirit 9–10 spiritualist interpretation 23–4 stand mirrors 69 Stoic theory of vision 19–20, 44 sun, relationship with the moon 169–71 surfaces. See reflective surfaces Symais 189–97 Symeon the New Theologian 135 Tarquinian tombs 75 telescopes 174, 190 temples 114–16 terminology for mirrors Greek language 60–7, 124–5, 133 Latin language 124–5 Theodore II Laskaris 134 Theodore the Studite 129, 131 theophany 135 Thessalian trick 167
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threefold mirrors 69–70 Tideus De Speculis 43–8, 50–5, 209 n.20 identity of 48–9, 209 n.24 tombs, Tarquinian 75 Tornikes, Euthymios 131 Triclinius, Demetrius 171–2 tripartite soul. See embodied soul underworld 77, 170, 181 See also death unspotted mirror 127–31 Varro 124 verbascum 77–8, 219 n.53 Vergil 124 Veronica 187, 242 n.55 Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii 32, 116 virtual images 109, 111, 117, 157–8 vision 24–7, 130, 183 aids to 137–8 direct vision 43–5, 50–3 theories of 19–21, 23–4, 43–5, 50 See also perception visualization 14–15, 16–17 Vogl, Sebastian 47, 49 votive offerings 67–8, 70–1 Wälchli, P. 172–3 water 53 fountains 141–7 reflection in 135, 168 wells 113, 165–6, 173–4 Wilde, Oscar 103 The Picture of Dorian Gray 93, 94–103 wine, as mirror 60, 109 women mirror gazing 13, 15, 83, 84–5, 179, 240 n.8 mirrors and fin’ amor 82–6, 90 possession of mirrors in antiquity 13, 59, 67–8, 70–1, 74, 75–6, 79 See also gender objects wonder 37–8, 111–12, 157 Xanthopoulos, Nicephoros Callistos 136
