א Ψ
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Codex Athous Lavrensis - 044 - Psi
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| Manuscript | Agreement % |
| Ψ | 96% |
| C | 94% |
| ℵ | 94% |
| B | 89% |
| A | 81% |
| 6 | 72% |
Manuscript Ψ (Psi, 044)
Location/Catalog Number
Mount Athos, where it has been as long as it has been known. Catalog number: Athos Laura B' 52
Contents
Ψ originally contained the entire New Testament except the Apocalypse. All of Matthew, as well as Mark 1:1-9:5, have been lost; in addition, the leaf containing Hebrews 8:11-9:19 is lost. The Catholic Epistles have 1 and 2 Peter before James. Ψ is written on parchment, 1 column per page. It has been furnished with neumes -- one of the oldest manuscripts to have musical markings.
Date/Scribe
Usually dated paleographically to the eighth/ninth centuries; the latest editions (e.g. NA27) date it to the ninth/tenth centuries.
Description and Text-type
Ψ has an unusually mixed text. Aland and Aland list it as
Category III in the Gospels, Acts, and Paul, and
Category II in the Catholic Epistles. Von Soden lists it as generally Alexandrian.
In fact the situation is even more complicated than this. In Mark the manuscript is distinctly Alexandrian, of the sort of late, mixed cast we see, e.g., in L; like L, it has the double Markan ending. In Luke the manuscript loses almost all traces of Alexandrian influence and becomes predominantly Byzantine. In John the manuscript is mixed -- more Byzantine than anything else, but with significant numbers of Alexandrian readings.
In Acts Ψ is largely Byzantine.
In Paul Ψ is more Byzantine than anything else (it is perhaps the earliest substantial witness to that type), although there are certain Alexandrian readings (which seem to bear a certain similarity to those of P). The Alexandrian element seems to be slightly greater in the later books.
In the Catholics Ψ is again mostly Alexandrian, though with Byzantine influence. The text seems to be of the type found in A 33 81 436.
The distinction between the text of Mark and the other gospels has been known since the time of Lake, who published his collation in 1903. Lake compared the text of Mark against Westcott and Hort's text, and found that, in 480 or so places where the Textus Receptus disagrees with the WH text, Ψ agrees with the Textus Receptus in only 42 -- in other words, it has very few Byzantine readings. I count 17 readings which Lake lists as going with D and the Old Latins but not with WH, the TR, or the Old Syriac. He has seven which go with the Old Syriac against the WH, TR, and D; eight with agree with D, OL, and the Old Syriac against TR and WH; 16 or 17 which we would probably call "late Alexandrian" (agreeing with L or a similar manuscript without agreeing with B); 18 with B and no more than two other uncials; 25 singular or subsingular readings that do not appear to be errors, plus four pretty clear errors (several of which led Lake to conclude that, for Mark at least, Ψ's exemplar had roughly 19 to 22 letters per line. Which makes it rather likely, although by no means certain, that it had two columns per page).
Lake's collations of the other books show the shifting nature of Ψ's text. In Colossians, there are only 39 differences from the TR, some of which are probably readings where Ψ agrees with at least part of the Byzantine text and the TR doesn't. The collation of Luke is a little more than four pages long -- short, considering the length of the book. The collation of John is a bit less than four pages -- meaning that it has slightly more variations per unit of text.
Other Symbols Used for this Manuscript
von Soden: δ6
Bibliography
Collations:
Kirsopp Lake, "Texts from Mount Athos,"
Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica V (Oxford, 1903; there are now several low-quality print-on-demand reprints), pp. 105-122 prints the text of Mark in full; pp. 123-131 give collations of Luke, John, and Colossians
Sample Plates:
Metzger,
Manuscripts of the Greek Bible (1 page)
Editions which cite:
Cited in all editions since von Soden.
Other Works:
Kirsopp Lake, "Texts from Mount Athos,"
Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica V (Oxford, 1903; there are now several low-quality print-on-demand reprints), pp. 95-104 discusses this manuscript in some depth
